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The term Western Palearctic black-and-white flycatchers is used to refer to a group of similar-looking birds in the genus ''Ficedula'': * Atlas pied flycatcher ''F. speculigera'' which breeds in Northwest Africa * Collared flycatcher ''F. albicollis'' which breeds in Eastern Europe * European pied flycatcher ''F. hypoleuca'' which breeds in Western Europe * Semi-collared flycatcher ''F. semitorquata'' of Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia European pied and collared flycatchers hybridise to a limited extent where their ranges meet; the hybrids have reduced fitness and usually do not survive their first winter (Parkin 2003). Female hybrids are usually sterile (Gelter ''et al.'' 1992; ''see also'' Haldane's Rule). All species leave their breeding grounds to winter in Sub-Saharan Africa. Identification of these birds, especially in female and immature plumages is considered difficult, and several identification papers have been published on the subject. ==References== * Gelter, H. P.; Tegelström, H. & Gustafsson, L. (1992): Evidence from hatching success and DNA fingerprinting for the fertility of hybrid Pied × Collared Flycatchers ''Ficedula hypoleuca – albicollis''. ''Ibis'' 134(1): 62–68. * Parkin, David T. (2003): Birding and DNA: species for the new millennium. ''Bird Study'' 50(3): 223–242. (HTML abstract ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Western Palearctic black-and-white flycatchers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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